Question 1

_____ refers to the ways by which we bolster our self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

A)  Self-effacement
B)  Self-deprecation
C)  Self-enhancement
D)  Idealized self-appraisalE) C) and D)
F) B) and C) C

Question 2

In the context of independent construal of self in the United States as described by Markus and Kitayama (1991b) ,which of the following is an accurate statement?

Accepted Answer

A)  People believe that standing out and asserting themselves is a virtue.
B)  People routinely credit their success to a group to which they belong.
C)  People strongly believe in the fundamental connectedness of human beings.
D)  People prefer socializing by occupying and playing their assigned roles.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 3

Early cross-cultural research on self-esteem reported that members of _____ cultures had higher self-esteem scores than members of _____ cultures.

Accepted Answer

A)  collectivistic;individualistic
B)  individualistic;collectivistic
C)  ecocentric;sociocentric
D)  sociocentric;ecocentricE) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 4

In the context of culture and identity,which of the following is true of identity?

Accepted Answer

A)  Identity is fluid and changes in different contexts.
B)  Identity remains constant across cultures.
C)  Identity is not constructed in relation to where one is.
D)  Identity has only two forms-cultural and ethnic.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 5

Cross-cultural findings on the applicability of terror management theory suggests that self-enhancement is a universal psychological process,and that individuals will universally work to bolster their self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

According to Sampson (1988) ,in _____,the boundary between self and others is less sharply drawn when compared with self-contained individualism.

Accepted Answer

A)  interdependent self
B)  abstract individualism
C)  independent self
D)  ensembled individualismE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 7

If culture is defined as a psychological construct,the existence of multicultural identities suggests the existence of multiple psychocultural systems of representations in the minds of multicultural individuals.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

According to a meta-analysis conducted by Oyserman and colleagues (2002) ,European Americans were _____ than Japanese or Koreans.

Accepted Answer

A)  not less collectivistic
B)  less individualistic
C)  more individualistic
D)  less collectivisticE) None of the above
F) B) and D) A

Question 9

Which of the following is a definition of self-concept?

Accepted Answer

A)  The cognitive representations of who one is,that is,the ideas or images that one has about oneself,especially in relation to others,and how and why one behaves
B)  People's attributions of control over their behaviors and relationships as internal or external to themselves
C)  The tendency for individuals to underestimate the commonality of desirable traits and to overestimate their uniqueness
D)  The perception that each culture has a modal personality type,and that most persons in that culture share aspects of itE) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 10

According to Markus and Kitayama (1991b) ,with a(n) _____ construal of self,one's internal attributes such as abilities or personality traits are the most salient self-relevant information.

Accepted Answer

A)  independent
B)  dependent
C)  composite
D)  interdependentE) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 11

Sampson (1988) referred to the sense of self in mainstream approaches as _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  self-contained individualism
B)  interdependent self
C)  ensembled individualism
D)  independent selfE) B) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 12

Sometimes one is not recognized as a member of a group to which he or she identifies.This is known as _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  identity isolation
B)  identity denial
C)  self-confusion
D)  group identity rejectionE) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 13

Matsumoto et al.(1996) administered an individualism-collectivism scale to Japanese university students and classified the participants as either individualists or collectivists.They reported that:

Accepted Answer

A)  less than 30% of the Japanese respondents were classified as individualists.
B)  over 70% of the Japanese respondents were classified as individualists.
C)  over 30% of the Japanese respondents were classified as collectivists.
D)  less than 50% of the Japanese respondents were classified as individualists.E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 14

According to Hermans & Kempen (1998),the notion that cultures are associated with a single sense of self,or even primarily with one sense of self,is not commensurate with the literature.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

According to the Twenty Statements Test conducted by Cousins (1989) ,the _____ respondents may have felt awkward providing self-descriptions because their self-definitions typically are not qualified by specific situations.

Accepted Answer

A)  Japanese
B)  Korean
C)  American
D)  EuropeanE) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 16

Markus and Kitayama contrasted the _____ construal of self as an independent,separate entity against a _____ construal of self more common in collectivistic cultures.

Accepted Answer

A)  personal;composite
B)  Western or individualistic;composite
C)  Western or individualistic;generic
D)  non-Western;genericE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 17

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the concept of self?

Accepted Answer

A)  It does not help in addressing the needs for affiliation and uniqueness.
B)  It explains the importance of understanding values as guiding principles within a specific culture.
C)  It remains constant over time as the underlying perceptions of the self do not change.
D)  It is completely unrelated to one's concepts of others.E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

Question 18

Which of the following is true of the self?

Accepted Answer

A)  Our sense of self plays a critical role in determining the thoughts,feelings,and actions of other people around us.
B)  Our sense of self is at the core of our being,unconsciously and automatically influencing our thoughts,actions,and feelings.
C)  Each individual carries and uses perceived external attributes to guide his or her thoughts and actions in different social situations.
D)  Our sense of self does not include our relationships with other people,places,things,and events.E) A) and D)
F) C) and D) B

Question 19

_____ refer to our recognition that we belong to social categories,such as occupation,religion,or culture.

Accepted Answer

A)  Personal identities
B)  Collective identities
C)  Relational identities
D)  Racial identitiesE) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 20

According to the terror management theory,one of the goals of cultural worldviews that people create for themselves is to _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  raise human existence above nature
B)  strive to control every element of our environment
C)  underestimate the commonality of desirable traits
D)  refrain from drawing meaning from lifeE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Exam 5: Culture, Self, and Identity

_____ refers to the ways by which we bolster our self-esteem.

Correct AnswerverifiedC

In the context of independent construal of self in the United States as described by Markus and Kitayama (1991b) ,which of the following is an accurate statement?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Early cross-cultural research on self-esteem reported that members of _____ cultures had higher self-esteem scores than members of _____ cultures.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the context of culture and identity,which of the following is true of identity?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Cross-cultural findings on the applicability of terror management theory suggests that self-enhancement is a universal psychological process,and that individuals will universally work to bolster their self-esteem.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Sampson (1988) ,in _____,the boundary between self and others is less sharply drawn when compared with self-contained individualism.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If culture is defined as a psychological construct,the existence of multicultural identities suggests the existence of multiple psychocultural systems of representations in the minds of multicultural individuals.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to a meta-analysis conducted by Oyserman and colleagues (2002) ,European Americans were _____ than Japanese or Koreans.

Correct AnswerverifiedA

Which of the following is a definition of self-concept?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Markus and Kitayama (1991b) ,with a(n) _____ construal of self,one's internal attributes such as abilities or personality traits are the most salient self-relevant information.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Sampson (1988) referred to the sense of self in mainstream approaches as _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Sometimes one is not recognized as a member of a group to which he or she identifies.This is known as _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Matsumoto et al.(1996) administered an individualism-collectivism scale to Japanese university students and classified the participants as either individualists or collectivists.They reported that:

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to Hermans & Kempen (1998),the notion that cultures are associated with a single sense of self,or even primarily with one sense of self,is not commensurate with the literature.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the Twenty Statements Test conducted by Cousins (1989) ,the _____ respondents may have felt awkward providing self-descriptions because their self-definitions typically are not qualified by specific situations.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Markus and Kitayama contrasted the _____ construal of self as an independent,separate entity against a _____ construal of self more common in collectivistic cultures.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the concept of self?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following is true of the self?

Correct AnswerverifiedB

_____ refer to our recognition that we belong to social categories,such as occupation,religion,or culture.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to the terror management theory,one of the goals of cultural worldviews that people create for themselves is to _____.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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C

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Early cross-cultural research on self-esteem reported that members of _ cultures had higher self-esteem scores than members of _ cultures.

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A

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Markus and Kitayama contrasted the _ construal of self as an independent,separate entity against a _ construal of self more common in collectivistic cultures.

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B

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